Corns, calluses, sores or warts. FOIA . Describe what the prevention method is. is not possible at this stage. Overall, Sandra Hearth is a knowledgeable and passionate advocate for healthy living, and her blog "Wellbeing Port" is a valuable resource for those looking to improve their health and wellbeing. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Such criteria as strength of association, dose-response, and temporality can increase confidence in initiating actions. J Med Assoc Thai. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Prevent mosquito bites, plan for travel, protect during sex, and more, The best way to prevent Zika is to protect yourself from mosquito bites, Prevent sexual transmission of Zika, especially if you or your partner is pregnant, What to do before, during, and after your trip to protect yourself and others, What men can do to stop the spread of Zika during and after travel, Zika is spread primarily by mosquito bites, but it can also spread through sex and from a pregnant woman to her fetus, No confirmed Zika cases from blood transfusion in the US, There is no evidence that Zika virus is spread to people from contact with animals other than mosquitoes. Examples include: Tertiary preventionaims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. PMC Proper antenatal care and timed delivery are of utmost importance Ravaei A, Emanuele M, Nazzaro G, Fadiga L, Rubini M. Mol Med. Modify the affected environment through vector control. Nonetheless, field investigators should try to collect data for examining causality by using as many criteria as is feasible. immunization against infectious diseases. For example, a schoolchilds death from meningitis might lead to political pressure to close the school. risk factors for pre-eclampsia, and manipulation of these factors might result in We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. THE CONCEPTS There are three categories of prevention: primary prevention focuses on various determinants in the whole population or in the high risk group. < Previous Chapter 10: Collecting and Analyzing Qualitative Data, Next Chapter 12: Communicating During an Outbreak or Public Health Investigation >. For example, an outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium across multiple states during 2008 required extensive multipronged epidemiologic field investigations and analytic (case control) studies before peanut butter and peanut buttercontaining products were identified as the transmission vehicles (6). 2.2. . This paper defines the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of CAD. That does not confer upon us a freedom to ignore the knowledge we already have, or to postpone the action that it appears to demand at a given time. This section briefly addresses three such concerns. Research in the past decade has identified some major The causes of this condition are still unknown, thus effective primary prevention is not possible at this stage. Secondary and tertiary prevention are also significant. supplementation. The 400-bed hospital serves as the primary tertiary referral centre for Ghana's Central and Western Regions but also receives referrals from sections of the Ashanti and Greater Accra regions due to proximity. In primary prevention, a disorder is actually prevented from developing. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Prevention and control of infections by microorganism Containing unusual antimicrobial resistance Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Hand hygiene Infection prevention and control in healthcare Infection prevention and control in primary care Infection prevention and control in dentistry For many people, the first sign and only symptom of cardiovascular disease is a heart attack or stroke. Terms in this set (23) Primary Prevention. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes can be found in warm tropical climates and does not survive in cooler climate temperatures. Do NOT follow this link or you will be banned from the site! Giving HPV vaccine for girls aged 9-14 . In this chapter, the model used to systematically identify and characterize the spectrum of intervention options for outbreaks and other acute health threats focuses on two basic biologic and environmental dimensions: (1) interventions that can be directed at the source(s) of most infectious and other disease-causing agents and (2) interventions that can be directed at persons susceptible to such agents (Box 11.2). These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Examples include immunization and taking regular exercise to prevent health problems developing in the future. One of the most important epidemiologic applications is the study of the causality of disease; a detailed account of causality was provided. Wearing long-sleeved shirts and long trousers, Sleeping or resting in screened or air-conditioned rooms. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. eating well, exercising regularly, not smoking). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. All scientific work is incompletewhether it be observational or experimental. However, adapting certain intervention components might be necessary to make them more acceptable and responsive to the needs of the affected community, potentially affected persons, elected officials, and the media. Primary prevention of Covid-19 infection aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. The epidemiologic field investigation: science and judgment in public health practice. Cookies help us deliver our services. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. These same concerns commonly confront epidemiologists during field investigations. Strategies to prevent cardiovascular disease in people at higher risk are therefore crucial to reduce the global burden of CVD. The extent to which causal criteria have been established. Revisiting the epidemiological standard of preeclampsia: primigravidity or primipaternity. This narrative review discusses the potential of prevention of OA in different stages of the disease. Which of the following represents a method of primary prevention? What does an elevated mean arterial pressure in the second half of pregnancy predict: gestatonal hypertension or preeclampsia?. Hand washing with soap. Results of large trials have shown Which of the following is true of a primary intervention? The tertiary prevention is the task of treatment for late symptomatic disease and rehabilitation.16. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Can creatine cause irregular heartbeat? The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Second-trimester serum chorionic gonadotrophin concentrations and complications and outcome of pregnancy. National Library of Medicine Drug management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Treat infected or affected persons and animals. Epub 2022 Jun 30. Prevent Zika by avoiding mosquito bites. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention options; and Haddon's injury prevention model, which keys on intervention strategies at the preevent, event, and postevent phases ( 16-18 ). Infection during pregnancy can cause certain birth defects. Results of large trials have shown that this is not the case: if there is an indication for using aspirin it is in the patient at a very high risk of developing severe early-onset disease. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. What is the best definition of secondary prevention? primary, secondary, or tertiary). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Vaccinations, counseling to change high-risk behaviors, and sometimes chemoprevention are types of primary prevention. These entities need to be aware of the possibilities, the ongoing risks (if any), and how best to address them given the level of information available. Flaviviruses are a diverse group of enveloped RNA viruses that cause significant clinical manifestations in the pregnancy and postpartum periods. This includes primary and secondary, and latent and tertiary syphilis. Secondary prevention for Zika-infected patients involves efforts to reduce incidence of the most serious complication of vertical transmission and subsequent birth defects. Congenital deformities or conditions that are present at birth. eating well, exercising regularly, not smoking). Secondary prevention includes research designed to identify risk factors for the progression or recurrence of a health condition and detecting and preventing progression of an asymptomatic or early-stage condition. Semin Thromb Hemost. Episode 30 out now! In the interim, epidemiologists issued recommendations preventing further exposures and cases. Preliminary control measures often can start on the basis of limited initial information and then be modified as investigations proceed. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Save . Modify the affected environment by restricting or controlling dangerous drugs or contaminants. The primary determinants of severity are the consequences of the event and the probability of the event occurring. Pre-eclampsia, an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. You decide to take action. Define in your own words the following terms: a. secular changes b. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Human Cell, Tissue, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Product (HCT/P) Establishments, Healthcare Exposure to Zika & Infection Control, Interim Guidance for Managing Occupational Exposures to Zika Virus for Healthcare Personnel, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Zika is spread mostly by the bite of an infected. She started her blog as a way to share her passion for healthy living with others and to provide practical tips and advice for those looking to improve their overall wellbeing. Finally, as illustrated by the Legionnaires disease outbreak in 1976, an extensive field investigation can fail to identify the cause, the source, and mode of spread in time to control the acute problem but still can enable advances in knowledge that ultimately lead to preventive measures (9). suitably modified work so injured or ill workers can return safely to their jobs. There are three levels of prevention efforts outlined by Gruman, Schneider, and Coutts (2016) which are primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. An official website of the United States government. Hydralazine should no longer be thought of as the primary Field investigations often occur in the public limelight, whether intentionally or not. for diabetes, arthritis, depression, etc. Primary prevention includes those preventive measures that come before the onset of illness or injury and before the disease process begins. Seize or destroy contaminated food, property, animals, or other sources. Immunogestosis: a new etiologic concept of "essential" EPH gestosis, with special consideration of the primigravid patient. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Secondary prevention comprises early detection and intervention. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of CVD . Secondary prevention for Zika-infected patients involves efforts to reduce incidence of the most serious complication of vertical transmission and subsequent birth defects. 2001 May 12;357(9267):1534. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04694-8. Primary prevention of Covid-19 infection aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. In the absence of such a treatment, the main benefit of widespread screening/secondary prevention is that a person diagnosed early with COVID-19 can be isolated to stop further spread and the . Zika can also be transmitted by the Aedis albopictus mosquito, although it is still contested how effective Aedes albopictus is in transmitting the disease. Seminal transforming growth factor beta1 stimulates granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor production and inflammatory cell recruitment in the murine uterus. Are pumpkin seeds good for you calories? Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Virtually all US cases trigger extensive epidemiologic investigations because identifying the food or beverage source can prevent additional intoxications, and identifying exposed or ill persons enables administration of life-saving antitoxin. regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its earliest stages (e.g. Another approach to classificationas universal, selective, or indicated preventive interventionsrelates to who receives the intervention. However, as this example shows, prevention experts say that the further upstream one is from a negative health outcome, the likelier it is that any intervention will be effective. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. These examples underscore the practical challenges in balancing the need to assess causality through the process of scientific inquiry with the potentially conflicting need to intervene quickly to protect the publics health. Effects of lipid based Multiple Micronutrients Supplement on the birth outcome of underweight pre-eclamptic women: A randomized clinical trial. Primary care primarily does tertiary prevention with the prescription of medication to manage the symptoms of chronic disease. -communicable disease prevention education. Change in paternity: a risk factor for preeclampsia in multiparous women?. The calcium story followed a more or less similar pattern, with the difference that existing evidence shows that women with a low dietary calcium intake are likely to benefit from calcium supplementation. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of human papillomavirus-driven head and neck cancers Human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) represent an increasing proportion of head and neck cancers that could become, in the next few decades, a public health problem in certain western countries. The following is true of a primary intervention: It may be accomplished by preventing exposure through creation of barriers. This article is available free of charge. chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to function, their quality of life and their life expectancy. Nonstructural protein (NS1) antigen is a highly conserved glycoprotein found in Flavivirus group such as Dengue, Zika, and Japanese encephalitis virus. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. The severity of a specific problem is a principal determinant of the urgency and course of a field investigation and of any early intervention. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. A hospital patients death from Legionnaires disease might lead to political pressure to consider closing the hospital. Lets say you are the mayor of a town near a swimming hole used by kids and adults alike. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management programs (e.g. It can also cause testicular shrinkage and breast enlargement in men. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. The story of toxic shock syndrome further illustrates the reluctance of some to accept epidemiologic evidence in the face of an acute public health problem on the scale of a nationwide epidemic (11). It could be a new screening method, vaccination, drugs, or other intervention. The social determinants of health framework also provides a guide to prevention, which requires changing both . The components of cervical cancer prevention and control comprises primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. 1990;132:9196. The synergistic effect of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention is illustrated by the United States' response to the human immunodeficiency virus/ Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. patient at a very high risk of developing severe early-onset disease. Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: a meta-analysis. Zika virus infection is also a trigger of Guillain-Barr syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis, particularly in adults and older children. Summary: In the opening sentence for this article reporter Emily Baumgaertner states "The Zika virus must take the 'side roads' into the placenta to infect a fetus, one researcher said but the Rift Valley fever virus takes the 'expressway'." . prevention of occurrence of definite structural or clinical OA in subjects free of the disease) and secondary prevention (i.e. 2023 Jan 16;29(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s10020-022-00593-3. CAD can be prevented by modification of risk factors. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2]. Similarly, clusters of a healthcare-associated infectionespecially among postsurgical or immunocompromised patientsare often investigated because of the potential for serious complications and greatly prolonged hospitalization, the possibility of iatrogenic illness as an avoidable medical event, and the immediate need to resolve questions about the safety of continuing to admit patients to the hospital (2). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Sandra Hearth is the creator and writer behind "Wellbeing Port", a blog dedicated to promoting healthy living and personal wellness. This review highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention of the key arthropod-borne flaviviruses of concern in pregnancy and the neonatal periodZika, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and . 2011 Mar;37(2):137-40. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1270340. As a certified health coach and yoga instructor, Sandra has a wealth of knowledge and experience in the fields of health and wellness. Transvaginal doppler ultrasound of the uteroplacental arteries in the early prediction of pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardaton. 2004 Oct;87 Suppl 3:S104-12. Relation of haemoglobin levels in first and second trimesters to outcome. Hydralazine should no longer be thought of as the primary drug, most studies show a preference for calcium channel blockers. In most cases Zika virus is caught by getting bitten by a female Aedes aegypti mosquito. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. 2022 Jan-Feb;38(1):219-226. doi: 10.12669/pjms.38.1.4396. Using a condom when staying in an area with active Zika transmission and continuing to do so for at least eight weeks after returning from this area will reduce the risk of sexual transmission. The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals. Methods of secondary prevention of Zika virus include reduction of partner-to-partner sexual transmission, as well as appropriate family planning in endemic regions. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviours that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur. Health education about how infections spread; and Rotavirus vaccination. Epub 2011 Mar 2. For questions about the EIS program, please contact us directly at EISApplication@cdc.gov. MeSH The .gov means its official. Tertiary prevention means prevention of complications caused by the disease process, and is thus more or less synonymous with treatment. Taking these factors into account, the following actions should be reconsidered at each progressive stage of the field investigation: Adherence to these and other steps during epidemiologic field investigations can be integral to helping attain and optimize a scientifically rational basis for selecting and implementing public health interventions for controlling or terminating a problem. What can be done to prevent infection? Maternal central hemodynamics in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. There is also evidence of transmission through sexual contacts and possibly also through blood donation, as well as from mother to child. Although this chapter has explored a science-based foundation for identifying, selecting, and implementing public health interventions, field investigators also must contend with a spectrum of new and evolving concerns that challenge decision-making about interventions. If, at a subsequent point, the nature of the risk for infection is more sharply defined, then additional, tailored corrective measures can be directed at the source and/or mode of spread. Asres AW, Daga WB, Samuel S, Adella GA, Workie SB, Desalegn A. Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle). while IgG is found in secondary dengue infection, which is seen in dengue-endemic areas [47 . Vaccinations, counseling to change high-risk behaviors, and sometimes chemoprevention are types of primary prevention. For each potential intervention, consider the costs and benefits of implementing the intervention at that stage of the investigation in the absence of additional information. Examples include: Secondary preventionaims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. Under such circumstances, the primary objective of the field investigation is to use the scientific principles of epidemiology to determine a rational and appropriate response for ending or controlling the problem. The Zika virus outbreak in 2015 and 2016 increased congenital abnormalities in countries that were affected but the disease was . Physical activity also plays an important role in secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases by reducing the impact of the disease, slowing its progress and preventing recurrence. The foremost important primary prevention strategy is getting the whole world immunized. Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia. Zika can be passed through sex from a person who has Zika to his or her sex partners. What is tertiary prevention in mental health? During early stages, interventions based on established guidelines for disease control can be applied. Environmental and other mediating factors; A priori evidence of effectiveness of the intervention; Operational and logistical feasibility; and. stress requires prevention at all three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary.24,25 None of these strategies is sufficient alone, and each extends the reach of the others. Effect of aspirin in pregnant women is dependent on increase in bleeding time. It signifies intervention in the prepathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem. -smoking cessation education. Primary prevention Examples include: legislation and enforcement to ban or control the use of hazardous products (e.g. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. During any outbreak, multiple groups of persons might be exposed, affected, or involved in some respect. But there are other, although rare, modes of transmission. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted For any given problem, the type(s) and number of interventions to be implemented will vary, depending on the nature of the acute problem, including its cause, mode of spread, and other factors. Immune maladaptation in the etiology of preeclampsia. Secondary prevention comprises early detection and intervention. In primary prevention, a disorder is actually prevented from developing. What foods is high in nitric oxide? Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Primary Preventionintervening before health effects occur, through. You are removing the hazardous exposure and preventing rashes in the first place. In the early 1990s aspirin was thought to be the wonder drug in secondary prevention of pre-eclampsia. For example, years elapsed after field studies had clearly implicated antecedent aspirin use as a risk factor for Reye syndrome (10) before industry and the Food and Drug Administration accepted the association and issued warnings to that effect. CLASP: a randomised trial of low-dose aspirin for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia among 9364 pregnant women. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Meanwhile, epidemiologic evidence often is the first basis for implicating a causative agent or mode of spread before the results of more in-depth and lengthier scientific investigations become available to support decision-making about interventions. Download. measures such as vaccinations, altering risky behaviors (poor eating. Fetal and maternal contributions to risk of preeclampsia. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Clinical significance of elevated mean arterial blood pressure in second trimester and threshold increase in systolic or diastolic blood pressure during the third trimester. During the Ebola virus disease epidemic in 20142015, public health officials in the United States used a combination of intervention measures directed at persons in whom Ebola virus disease was diagnosed (isolation), at their close contacts (active monitoring, quarantine, or restrictions on travel), at those providing healthcare to them (training in correct use of special protective gear and active monitoring), and at those arriving from selected countries (screening or active monitoring) (20). There is evidence to suggest that the intrinsic direct effect of moderate degrees of maternal hypertension is beneficial to the fetus. Quarantine contaminated sites or sources. Public health officials who have responsibility and legal authority for making decisions about interventions should consider certain key principles: selecting the appropriate intervention, facilitating implementation of the intervention, and assessing the effectiveness of the intervention (Box 11.1). For most gastrointestinal outbreaks, selecting control measures depends on knowing whether transmission has resulted from person-to-person, foodborne, or waterborne spread and, if either of the two latter modes, on identifying the source. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In practice, however, control measures might be appropriate or warranted at any step in the sequence. Although salient sociopolitical forces (e.g., public fear or political outcry) might create pressures for rapid public health interventions, the interventions must be based on evidence. use of seatbelts and bike helmets), education about healthy and safe habits (e.g. Questions and answers on Zika virus disease: The disease, Risk for pregnant women, Risk for travellers going to/returning from affected areas, Risk for Zika-infected people to develop Guillain-Barr syndrome, Risk of transmission in Europe, Video: A jab to fight Human papillomavirus (HPV) and save lives, Video on EpiPulse (European surveillance portal for infectious diseases), ECDC: On Air - podcast on European epidemiology, Prevention and control measures for Zika virus disease, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) 2023, Travel-associated Zika virus disease cases in the EU/EEA, Directory: Guidance on prevention and control, Prevention and control of infections by microorganism, Containing unusual antimicrobial resistance, Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Central line-related bloodstream infection (CLABSI), Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP), Infections related to endoscopic procedures, Infection prevention and control in healthcare, Organisation of infection prevention and control, Infection prevention and control in primary care, Infection prevention and control in dentistry, Training courses on infection prevention and control (IPC), Training courses on antimicrobial stewardship, Training courses on the prevention of antimicrobial resistance, Learning courses on antibiotic resistance for the public, Strategies, action plans and European projects, Strategies and action plans on antimicrobial resistance, European projects on antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections, Healthcare-associated infections in acute care hospitals, Microorganisms and antimicrobial resistance in HAIs, Antimicrobial use by indication & specialty, Most frequently used antimicrobial agents, Healthcare-associated infections in long-term care facilities, Characteristics of LTCFs and representativeness of data sample, Antimicrobial use by indication & body site, Infections acquired in intensive care units, Preventive measures for infectious diseases, Questions and answers about childhood vaccination, Lets talk about protection: enhancing childhood vaccination uptake, Monitoring infectious diseases among migrants, Reverse identification key for mosquito species, Personal protective measures against tick bites, Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases, EpiPulse - the European surveillance portal for infectious diseases, Antimicrobial consumption dashboard (ESAC-Net), Data on mpox (monkeypox) cases in the EU/EEA, GUIDANCE for public health policy and practice, RISK ASSESSMENT of infectious disease threats, Introduction to Annual Epidemiological Report, Mpox (formerly named monkeypox) situation update, Ebola outbreak in Uganda, as of 11 January 2023, The work of graduated fellows 2020 cohort, Archive: Work of graduated fellows 2011-2019, Preparedness, prevention and control tools, EU/EEA routine surveillance open data policy, Epidemic intelligence and outbreak response, European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net), European COVID-19 surveillance network (ECOVID-Net), European COVID-19 reference laboratory network (ECOVID-LabNet), Emerging Viral Diseases-Expert Laboratory Network (EVD-LabNet), European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Network (EuroCJD), European Diphtheria Surveillance Network (EDSN), European Food- and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses Network (FWD-Net), European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (Euro-GASP), European Influenza Surveillance Network (EISN), European Invasive Bacterial Disease Surveillance Network (EU-IBD), European Legionnaires Disease Surveillance Network (ELDSNet), European Network for Hepatitis B and C Surveillance, European Network for HIV/AIDS Surveillance, European Reference Laboratory Network for Human Influenza (ERLI-Net), European Reference Laboratory Network for TB (ERLTB-Net), European Tuberculosis Surveillance Network, European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network (ESAC-Net), Healthcare-associated Infections Surveillance Network (HAI-Net), European network for sharing data on the geographic distribution of arthropod vectors, transmitting human and animal disease agents (VectorNet), European Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Surveillance Network (EURGen-Net), National Immunisation Technical Advisory Groups (NITAG) collaboration, Support for countries neighbouring Ukraine, EU for health security in Africa: ECDC for Africa CDC, Technical cooperation with Western Balkans and Trkiye, Information on ECDC's recruitment procedure, Selection committees for ongoing recruitments, Fellowship Programme (with EPIET and EUPHEM paths), Food- and Waterborne Diseases Expert Exchange Programme.